The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The College Experience Tomorrow is the principal day of what I will turn into. I composed this in my journal the night prior to my first day of school. I was restless as I envisioned the cliché school room: scholarly understudies, top to bottom conversations about perfect stuff, and obviously, an easygoing educator donning the tweed coat with cowhide elbows. I was additionally sick as I predicted myself suffocating in a dinky pool of understanding assignments and finals, hearing a profound, discouraging voice ask What would you be able to do with your life? Since at that point, I've settled serenely into the school scene and have offered myself the fantasy that I'll hear my calling sometime in the not so distant future, and that my future will acquaint itself with me with a strong handshake. I can't totally freed my inner voice from the real world, nonetheless. My advanced degree and school experience has gotten a kind of erratic, and restless night, in which I have magnificent dreams and thoughts, yet wh en I stir to apply these goals, reality sounds as a six thirty alert and my fantasies are overlooked. Up to this point, I've viewed myself as a definitive individual, capable... The College Experience Essay - Personal Narrative Writing The College Experience Tomorrow is the main day of what I will turn into. I composed this in my journal the night prior to my first day of school. I was on edge as I envisioned the cliché school room: scholarly understudies, top to bottom conversations about perfect stuff, and obviously, an easygoing teacher brandishing the tweed coat with cowhide elbows. I was additionally sick as I anticipated myself suffocating in a dim pool of understanding assignments and finals, hearing a profound, discouraging voice ask What would you be able to do with your life? Since at that point, I've settled easily into the school scene and have offered myself the fantasy that I'll hear my calling sometime in the not so distant future, and that my future will acquaint itself with me with a solid handshake. I can't totally freed my still, small voice from the real world, in any case. My advanced degree and school experience has gotten a kind of erratic, and restless night, in which I have brilliant dreams and thoughts, however when I stir to apply these desires, reality sounds as a six thirty caution and my fantasies are overlooked. As of not long ago, I've viewed myself as an unequivocal individual, capable...

Teaching Mathematics And Science In Elementary Level Education Essay Free Essays

Training arithmetic and logical control in basic degree is an aggressive endeavor as a result of the negative demeanor students have. Instructors should so be extremely cautious when learning this point and assurance that they support understudies in the theme ( Muschala J, Muschala G A ; Muschala E, 2010 ) . They should ensure that they utilize all the methods accessible to advance understudies and do them accept that science is non will be non troublesome. We will compose a custom exposition test on Training Mathematics And Science In Elementary Level Education Essay or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Mathematicss and logical control are the incautious points in many nations of the existent life condition of affairss subsequently it is crucial for students to get them. Because of the significance of science and logical control, a few rules have been put frontward to guide educators. Such are detailed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( NCTM ) and National Science Education Standards ( NSES ) . The measures are planned for helping teachers to utilize the best guidance strategies and help them in elevating students to wish the subjects. The primary standard regions that the guidance framework ought to be organized in a mode that empowers strong guidance and obtaining ( Ediger 2003 ) . This implies every one of that teachers require in guidance ought to be profited to them. Another standard regions that disposition and the securing of the students is amazingly directed by the learning strategies applied by their educators ( Westaway 2007 ) . Educators should thus hold the capacity to collaborate with understudies great and be specific in the guidance techniques since this decides the fear of the students. The third rule gives that the proficiency of teachers is directed by the convictions and mentality an educator has on logical order themes. It is thus of import for educators to hold the correct disposition since this will affect great on the obtaining of the understudies. The fourth model gives that the technique of securing is both cultural and single methodology and understudies ought to be urged to work out existent life condition of affairss in gatherings or independently. The other basis is that teachers must comprehend the varying foundations and their getting capacities and keep up them in head when guidance. The educator must look to satisfy the specific requests of the understudies and handle them thus. In any case, most importantly, students must be supported that all are equipped for getting science and logical order ( Westaway 2007 ) . Unit of estimation OF STUDY FOR FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS In this paper is a proposed unit of study in the subject of arithmetic, influencing portions, decimals and per centums. The finishes and points of this study unit is to ensure that the unit is instructed adequately with the secret sauce. The opposite end or point is to ensure that the learning strategies applied by the educator serves to impel the students to comprehend and larn arithmetic. Another point is to ensure that the educator has an uplifting disposition towards what he is realizing on the grounds that this will follow up on the understudies decidedly. It is other than a point of this unit to advance understudies learn as a gathering each piece great as to set single endeavors in understanding the develops of arithmetic. The last end and point is to ensure that teachers comprehend the assorted variety of foundation and distinction in understanding limits of understudies and handle them therefore. The stuffs and assets required in this unit are separated into three classs which are enactive, representative and notable ( Ediger 2003 ) . Enactive stuffs are the touchable assets that give students an authorities on involvement with obtaining. The notorious stuffs are the sound visual AIDSs that help the understudies by hearing and seeing. The emblematic stuffs are the content versions and other printed stuff that discloses the develops to the students. In this unit, the teacher requires pertinent content versions which must be affirmed by the applicable governments. Different assets like composed cards, bits of chalk, writing slate, short film, physical items like Mangifera indicas and some other significant stuff fitting to the classification of the understudies. The cards must be written in various colourss and the physical items should other than be of various colourss to do obtaining intriguing for the students. The educator must distribute guidelines to understudies in a phonetic correspondence comprehensible to them and seting into thought the differing requests of the students. The guidelines must be given in a grouping and joined by the correct stuffs and assets ( Ediger 2003 ) . The main stage in issue of the guidelines must be by utilization of the physical articles to introduce the idea to the students. For representation, the students may be approached to take oranges from a given figure of oranges in a crate, say ten, and asked what number of are remaining. They can other than be solicited to number the figure from reddish balls and the figure of white balls and show them corresponding to the whole figure of balls present. At this stage, the educator must ensure that all the understudies participate without limit and are mindful bounty. The teacher must do this each piece intriguing as conceivable by doing happiness and influencing the understudies in physical fights. The other stage must be through the utilization of pictures or other notable stuffs like short films and outlines. The educator ought to other than arraign the understudies full by inquisitive them requests and requiring them to answer. For delineation, the teacher may keep a card with three boxes in it, two of which are concealed reddish. The teacher may so ask the understudies to number the whole figure of boxes and the figure of boxes concealed rosy. They ought to so be assisted with demonstrating the figure of rosy boxes according to the whole figure. Other famous stuffs ought to be utilized a similar way and in an intriguing mode. After utilization of the notable stuffs the teacher should so use the emblematic stuffs which is use of what the understudies have discovered to the what is written in course readings. The educator should control the understudies in perusing the writings, partner the substance to what they have done in the old stairss thus understanding the builds. In all the stairss, the teacher must assistance the understudies to relate what they have figured out how to existent life condition of affairss and even require students to think of more representations. The teacher ought to much of the time ask the understudies whether they comprehend the builds and even measure for himself at each stage. He ought to all the time ask the understudies whether they experience difficulties in their trepidation and take care of the difficulties enough ( Ediger 2003 ) . Only after all the difficulties are explained should the teacher proceed to the accompanying measure. Understudies ought to be to the full in question and the teacher must use insightful strategies for spoting inconveniences in comprehension since students may bashful off from expressing them. The 12 logical order methodology ought to be fused to the full in learning this unit. These methods incorporate doing perceptions, inducing, taking measurings, pass oning, seting things into classs and doing expectations. These ought to be utilized to the full in that the educator ought to permit the students learn through the systems ( Westaway 2007 ) . At the point when an educator sets up a printed card for the understudies to see, he should control them into doing the correct perceptions, understanding or deriving, pass oning to the others and arranging the activity. This will elevate commitment and trepidation of the understudies. Orchestrating to Muschala J, Muschala G A ; Muschala E ( 2010 ) manipulatives are the learning AIDSs that help understudies to make a hypothetical record of builds and spot connections in the hypothetical records. These ought to be utilized since the trigger the innovativeness of the students and help them to hang all in all numerical develops. The educator should quantify the worry of the understudies at each stage and assurance that they comprehend. The evaluations should me figured in a way to advance the understudies and non to prevent them. They ought to contest yet at a similar clasp non too much hard. The educator must walk the tight rope in a difficult situation ( Muschala J, Muschala G A ; Muschala E, 2010 ) . The examination must be continuous get bringing down with the basic occupations venturing out to the aspiring 1s and non feebleness versa. At the terminal of the unit, the educator should look for reaction from the students on how they found the subject ( Ediger 2003 ) . The educator ought to ask from them on better approaches to utilize what they have realized in existent life condition of affairss. This will be a consolation to the students and will fix them for the accompanying unit. Unmistakably regardless of whether understudies feel that arithmetic is troublesome, utilizing the correct guidance methods and the correct science etymological correspondence can help to do them like the subject. The most effective method to refer to Teaching Mathematics And Science In Elementary Level Education Essay, Essay models

Shake and Bake Method Can Explode

Shake and Bake Method Can Explode Addiction Drug Use Meth Print Dangers of Shake and Bake Meth-Making Method By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on October 07, 2019 KAUZ News More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery A method of manufacturing methamphetamine, designed to get around laws restricting the sale of the ingredients needed to make meth is even more dangerous than the old makeshift meth labs, authorities say.?? Also known as the one-pot or shake and bake method, in this scenario meth is produced in a two-liter soda bottle. A few cold pills are mixed with common but harmful household chemicals, producing  enough meth for the user to get a few hits.?? Smaller, Mobile Meth Labs The old meth labs required hundreds of pseudoephedrine pills, containers heated over open flames and cans of flammable liquids. The cooking process created foul odors making the labs difficult to conceal and often sparked explosions. The shake and bake method requires only a few pseudoephedrine pills, circumventing laws passed restricting the sale of large quantities of over-the-counter decongestants, cold, and allergy remedies. Extremely Dangerous Meth-Making Method But the shake and bake method is in no way safer than the old meth labs. If the bottle is shaken the wrong way, or if any oxygen gets inside of it, or if the cap is loosened too quickly, the bottle can explode. If the old clandestine meth labs caught fire, the cooks would just run away. But with the shake and bake method, they are actually holding the bottle when it explodes. Police have linked dozens of flash fires â€" some of them fatal â€" to meth manufacturing. All Meth Making Is Dangerous to the Public Police departments across the nation are training officers on how to handle the new mobile labs if they encounter them during traffic stops. If an officer doesnt know what he or she is looking for, they may unwittingly spark a fire. Since the mixture in the bottle can catch fire when exposed to oxygen, even an act as simple as unscrewing the cap to see whats inside (since it looks like an ordinary soda bottle), can be potentially life-threatening.   Sudden Increase in Meth Labs After years of declining numbers of meth labs being busted by law enforcement, due to the laws restricting the sale of pseudoephedrine, seizures are suddenly increasing again.?? The new shake and bake labs put everyone in danger because they can explode while the drug users are driving around, putting other drivers in danger. The old labs were usually concealed in secluded or rural areas because of the odors, but the new labs can be anywhere. Dont Touch Discarded Meth-Making Bottles The discarded soda bottles used in the process are also dangerous. Police have found them in ditches, in peoples yards, and inside dumpsters.   Authorities suggest that people who find discarded bottles containing an unknown mixture leave them alone. Do not open them or pick them up. Call the police and let them investigate to see if its a danger. And with all illegal drug activity, dont try this at home. Meth labs are dangerous enough, but putting toxic chemicals in a soda bottle in a confined space like a car isnt just a recipe for meth, its a recipe for disaster.

The Connections between Poetry and Science - 1189 Words

Poetry is a form art that involves language, imagery, and emotion. These key elements can be expressed in many ways just as there are many ways to interpret poetry. While the poet can have a decisive meaning for the poem, the reader can interpret in many different ways that can be and usually are different from what the poet originally meant. In some cases, time can have an impact on what the poem means or how it is read. I know that I get a different meaning and feel from poems I wrote over a year ago than what I remember feeling about them at the time they were written. It is all frames of mind and the emotions behind the poems. For me, as a chemistry major, I make connections between poetry and science. While there are fundamental differences between the two there are many ways that they relate back to each other. My experiences with the language of science and chemistry influence the way I write poetry and the way that I interpret other poetry. As well as the fact that poetry is influencing my science writing and the way that I think about both topics. I have a different frame of reference when I play with language than other people and I think that shows in my poetry. Science, on a molecular level, can be very poetic. Molecules interact with each other to form reactions. And we think about how and in what matter this happens when we design reactions or trying to determine what is taking place in a particular system. The interactions between molecules are veryShow MoreRelatedThe Elements Of Poetry For Romantics984 Words   |  4 Pageswere quite a few reasons behind the societal purpose of poetry for Romantics. One of the biggest reasons was that they wanted society to pick up on romanticism through the art of poetry. The purpose of art is to teach us something anyway, like public life for example. The best way to pick up on romanticism was through the art of poetry at the time. Romantics wanted nothing more than people feel some emotion and self-awareness , and by writing poetry to do just that, that’s how they attempted to get toRead MoreComparative Study of Texts - Module a (Hsc) - W; T and John Donne1365 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the differences in context, a comparative study of the poetry of John Donne and Margaret Edson’s play, ‘W;t’, is essential for a more complete understanding of the values and ideas presented in ‘W;t’. Discuss this with close reference to both texts. When deconstructing the text ‘W;t’, by Margaret Edson, a comparative study of the poetry of John Donne is necessary for a better conceptual understanding of the values and ideas presented in Edson’s ‘W;t’. Through this comparative studyRead MoreEssay on Symbols and Symbolism in the Poems of Robert Frost1463 Words   |  6 PagesFrost. The aspects of nature that are continually demonstrated in the poems of Frost symbolize both the physical world and its changes, and the nature of humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It can easily be argued that Frost believed that little difference existed between humanity’s inner nature and the nature of the world which surrounded him. Time and again Frost personifies nature in human terms and points out the many ways in which what happens in an individual’s life is a reflection of what is occurs in the naturalRead MoreDifferent Meanings And Values Of Poetry1385 Words   |  6 Pagesusage and aspects of diverse meanings and values of poetry, the Oxford dictionary explanation opens up the wide field of interests. From Anciet Greek, poetry (πΠ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ µÃâ€° (poieo) means  ´I create ´ or  ´I make ´. It is the creation of aesthetic qualities, mostly within rhythmic or metric sound, but still more popular free verse wording, too. The combination of poetic words express various ideas in diverse cultures. According to Webster dictionary, poetry is  ´ writing that formulates a concentrated imaginativeRead MoreThe Middle Ages1747 Words   |  7 Pagescastles. Furthermore, the British parliament became a regular institution for consulting nobles and churchmen as well as representatives of the shires and towns. Parliament became the place to address problems of law in England (â€Å"England†). The connection between England and France that began with the Normans made their rulers the most powerful in Europe and they created political institutions that differentiated England from the rest. Religion was certainly on major influence in the middle agesRead More Teaching Students Ecological Literacy In the Secondary English Classroom1696 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions, students may draw connections from the past to the present, realizing the extent of their own effects as consumers on the environment. Allowing students to question their own practices is one of the greatest methods in becoming an ecologically literate individual. Another example for instruction of ecological literacy may be taught through poetry. There is an extensive collection of poetry that touches upon environmental issues. Some poetry may stress depletion of forestsRead MoreThe word Wit has multiple definitions, most of which metaphysical poets use in their distinctive1400 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude: â€Å"the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of those connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure† (Dictionary.com 2014) and â€Å"understanding, intelligence, or sagacity, astuteness† (Dictionary.com 2014). In this paper I will unpack the main features of metaphysical poetry and explore the relevance of wit and conceit in relation to John Donne’s works. Furthermore, I will endeavour to make connections between John Donne, the person and John Donne, the poet. By analysing differentRead MoreWhitman And Blake Vs. Blake889 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals to symbolize humankind’s experience of Nature†. To begin with I’d like to tell some information about Whitman and Blake’s life and work. Walt Whitman was an American poet, publicist and reformer of the American poetry. Whitman was the singer of the world democracy†, positive sciences, love and the association without social borders. He was also an innovator of the free verse. William Blake was an American poet, printmaker and painter. He became well-known for his drawings. The painter carriedRead MoreWriting Across And Against The Curriculum1159 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle â€Å"Writing Across and Ag ainst the Curriculum,† proposes an innovative and effective approach to promoting language skills and critical thinking amongst college students. As an English professor, Young describes a project in which his campus used poetry across the curriculum to stimulate learning in a variety of subject areas, including English, psychology, accounting, biology, and engineering. He also describes the element of the project which made it so cutting edge is that students did not writeRead MoreJohn Donne as an Innovative Poet1012 Words   |  5 Pagescomtemporaries is evidence of his popularity. As a metaohysical poet his poetry was frequently abstract and theoritical and he utilised poetry to display his learning and above all his wit. He was most certainly an innovative love poet who moved away from the Shakespearian focus on form intensely literary style. He was an expert in argument and often used exr=tended conceits to put forward these arguments. The drama in his poetry and his use of language all serve to highlight his skills as an innovative

Incarceration Practices in the United States Essay

Crime rates are very high within America, and when you do the crime, you have to pay the crime. Many people are incarcerated due to the type of crimes they commit. When you’re incarcerated, you’re sent to prison. I always had somewhat of an idea how being imprisoned works but I wasn’t fully aware of how the routine worked, I just know the basic steps like committing a crime, getting caught, sent to jail, go to trial, then the judge sentenced you depending on how bad the crime was, I didn’t know anything else passed that. As a curious student of Kingsborough, I’ve pulled up a lot of researches that helped expand my knowledge of incarceration practices. Almost every day there American citizens are often†¦show more content†¦Officers separate inmates based on crime, race and even sexual orientation. Their also separated depending on if they may be endangered within the company. Males are questioned about their sexuality whether they’re gay or not and classified within the SNY. SNY stands for Sensitive Needs Yard, not only does it contain gays, but it contains men with sex changes, gang dropouts and child molesters. Race plays a role in segregation also because officer’s feel by placing inmates with their own race, instead of having prisoners go against each other; the prisoners can protect each other because they will have an understanding about each other’s race. Believe it or not, every prison has a set schedule that has to be followed by inmates. A wake up time, a time their allowed to make phone calls, breakfast and lunch time, furthermore a time where they have attend school and work. Young prisoners have to do at least fifteen hours of education a week. A prisoner that’s older is given an opportunity to study as well. It’s required that inmates are working in prison because this helps reduce the cost of the prison system. The type of jobs inmates have varies from state to state. Every state is different depending on the location of the prison. What type of jobs can an inmate have? Work is normally available within industrial workshops and land based activity units. Prisoner’s can also work around the prison, meaning within kitchens, laundries, cleaning crew, etc.Show MoreRelatedAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poem The Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the attack on Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy in the War of 1812. The poem was sang to the tune of a well-known British song and eventually, Key’s once amateur patriotic poem became the United States national anthem in which the lyrics strongly symbolize our country’s perseverance and freedom. The Star Spangled Banner can be heard at a variety gatherings such as official military functions and sporting events where celebrity singers oftenRead MorePunitive Model Of Incarceration During The United States1321 Words   |  6 Pages Examining the Punitive Model of Incarceration in the United States and the Changes that Brought It About Collin S. Lahr Ball State University Abstract This paper explores several different sources that cover some aspect of how the United States Penal System went from the Rehabilitative Model to a punitive system. Bryan Stevenson and Betsy Matthews have written about how drug enforcement and the â€Å"War on Drugs† are responsible. Yeoman Lowbrow’s analysis of the crime rate and statistics willRead MoreLegislation and Incarceration in United States956 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation and Incarceration (Order #A2068178) The incarceration rate in the United States has steadily risen since 1973, and Franklin Zimring has examined the relationship between penal legislation and the incarceration rate. He has discovered three distinct periods which demonstrate three differences in the way legislation effects penal practices. During the first period in which there was a major rise in incarceration rates, 1973-1985, Zimring asserted that there was no relationship betweenRead MoreThe Factual United States Criminal Justice System1434 Words   |  6 Pages The Factual United States Criminal Justice System. Myths are stories telling a part of the world view of a society or give an explanation of a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. It is a popular viewpoint, embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. Although myths are regarded as fictional representations, they often reveal underlying ideals. Myths often tell us more about our social and cultural values than they do about any particularRead MoreMass Incarceration : A New Form Of Slavery Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesMass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States Lorena P. Ambriz History 12A Abstract Starting in the 1970s, the rising rate of imprisonment came to be known as Mass Incarceration. What was once an average of 100 people getting imprisoned for every 100,000 adults, prior to the 1970s, has now grown to become more than 600 individuals per every 100,000 adults imprisoned. With only five present of the total world population, The United States holds an astonishing 25 percent of theRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterrence in the United States is based on the exacting words of Beccaria, â€Å"†¦ a punishment†¦ should be public, immediate, and necessary, the least possible in the case given, proportioned to the crime, and determined by the laws. While this philosophy fulfills its intended goals, it also comes with far reaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminalRead MoreThe Harshness Of The United States Criminal Justice System1567 Words   |  7 Pages The Harshness of the United States Criminal Justice System. Myths are stories telling a part of the world view of a society or give an explanation of a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. It is a popular viewpoint, embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. Although myths are regarded as fictional representations, they often reveal underlying ideals. Myths often tell us more about our social and cultural values than they do about anyRead MoreMass Incarceration Of The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesIn the U.S. there has been a rise in incarcerations, the numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. So what are we to make of the leap in time typically served for crimes in America’s society? Either the justice system was too lenient in the past, or the justice system is too strict now. Have we just now realized the real gravity of murder, or are we now overreacting? The United States currently over-incarcerates its citizens, prisonersRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesof the United States, specifically the Bill of Rights, guarantees and protects the rights of individual citizens. In addition to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to keep and bear arms, individuals have the freedom to assemble and the freedom to petition. More importantly, is the protection from unreasonable search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment, self-incrimination, and the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (United States ConstitutionRead MoreLack Of Adequate Discharge Planning For Incarcerated Adults With Serious Mental Illness986 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States, over the past 200 years, the practice of federal and state governmental treatment and geographical disposition of the seriously mentally ill has seemed cyclical. Essentially, persons with serious mental illness went from community-living to incarceration to h ospitalization to community-living and finally back to incarceration (Matjekowski, Draine, Solomon Salzer, 2011, Ostermann Matjekowski, 2014 Raphael Stoll, 2013). Currently, the United States has a federal mandate

Puppu Free Essays

You know I have been wanting a puppy for almost a year now!!! I have been working my butt off to try and earn one, I have tried everything but you wont budge I Just don’t know what I need to do. Whenever mom is gone I’m the one that takes care of the pets and I am responsible and you both know it I put a lot of effort into things I love. For example, I am doing a lot better in soccer now that I love it, and eating food and a lot more. We will write a custom essay sample on Puppu or any similar topic only for you Order Now I know puppies are a lot of work especially since we already have a dog. When I have to get up in the middle of the night to take it out to go potty. I know u think I wont do that cause I never get up for school, but I don’t enjoy school that much so why would you want to interrupt your sleeping to do something that you don’t LOVE I mea school Is k I always get up right away when we have to leave should be able to get one The dog will help me to be more responsible The dog can be a companion for the whole family Taking the dog on walks will give me more exercise and be able to get outdoors more Dogs are therapeutic, especially during sad or lonely times. A dog is a friend that will always be there to cheer you up. And I know our family needs that a lot when you guys yell or I do something wrong They are Like people who understand what you’re saying and they know when Just to lick you and lay down right next to you and Just sit there and let you pet them until you feel better. I will clean up after It and teach It tricks and train it I wont be on my phone or watching T. V. Or on the computer because I will be busy with the dog I would stop nagging on you and arguing with you I will try and pay for it Now that we are moving we have a backyard with a fence and I still remember to this ay that you said that â€Å"once we get a fence you can have another dog’. The fence will keep him and we can easily watch it while it runs around and plays and goes potty. I did some research and this is what I learned. The Golden Retrievers’ intelligence makes them versatile, allowing them to fill a variety of roles, Including gulled dog for the blind, hearing dog for the deaf, hunting dog,illegal drug detector, and search and rescue participant. Because of their loyal and gentle temperament, Golden Retrievers are also popular family pets. Golden Retrievers possess friendly, eager-to-please United States, the fifth most popular in Australia and the eighth most popular in the United Kingdom The temperament of the Golden Retriever is a hallmark of the breed, and is described in the standard as â€Å"kindly, friendly and confident†. Golden Retrievers make good family pets, particularly as they are patient with children. They are not â€Å"one man dogs† and are generally equally amiable with both strangers and those familiar to them. Their trusting, gentle disposition makes them a poor guard dog. Any form of unprovoked aggression or hostility towards either people, dogs or there animals, whether in the show ring or community, is considered unacceptable in a Golden Retriever and is not in keeping with the character of the breed. Nor should a Golden Retriever be unduly timid or nervous. The typical Golden Retriever is calm, naturally intelligent and biddable, with an exceptional eagerness to please. One of the brightest dogs ranked by obedience-command tractability. ) Other characteristics related to their hunting heritage are a size suited for scrambling in and out of boats and an inordinate love for water. Golden Retrievers are exceptionally trainable?due to their intelligence, athleticism and desire to please their handlers?and excel in obedience trials. They are also very competitive in agility and other performance events. Harsh training methods are unnecessary, as Golden Retrievers often respond very well to positive and upbeat training styles. Golden Retrievers require r egular grooming and an occasional bath. They should be groomed at least once a week, and every day during heavy shedding. They should be bathed every two months. Their coats shed somewhat during the year, but are known to heed profusely twice a year. They also need to have their ears cleaned regularly, or ear infections might occur. While shedding is unavoidable, frequent grooming (daily to weekly) lessens the amount of hair shed by the animal. Severe shedding resulting in bald patches can be indicative of stress or sickness in a Golden Retriever. That was my research but I did a lot more ask me any question and I will answer it correctly. Now that we are moving into this new house there is more room for two dogs. I know taking care of a puppy is a lot of responsibility but I need that challenge. I have been reading a lot about how to train and how to potty train your new puppy I have read books and researched it too and I know it will poop and pee on the carpet but I will potty train it, heck it might even come potty trained but I am dead set on getting a golden retriever I will do anything. This dog will be mine, my responsibility mine to train, feed ,give it love,take for walks,provide and care for. I need something a pet pr Just something like this dog that will love me for what I am and when I am in trouble or did something very wrong, have a bad day at school and need it to love me hen I’m sad. Maybe my puppy will be the glue for all the broken pieces in our family , it will mend the family back into one like it used to be. I know we are in the process of moving right now and I would be able to take care of it AND actually help move pack everything up help organize do chores outside WITHOUT arguing or sassing back or being disrespectful and doing everything the first time you guys ask. If I really want something I can have the right mind set and I can get it done. I know you both feel you will end up having to take care of it but I will take care of it f my own to call it mine and have my puppy love me a lot. I have found a couple people that we can get them from in our price range. It would really mean a lot to me if I got one I will trade my phone, pad and T. V. In for a puppy I will never let you guys down and I will never not care for it. 🙂 All I want is a puppy a golden retriever puppy to call my own. I know they don’t stay puppies forever, they will grow up to become dogs and I promise always to take care of it. I will sleep on the floor with only a blanket for the rest of the I live here. Every mourning I will wake up take it out to go to he bathroom brush it give it exercise and go to school come home and take it out for a walk do my homework then play with it more. I know I will need both of you guys help to take it out to go to the bathroom when at school and that does take a lot, but know that school is almost over I will have all summer to train it and keep it company and do everything. I know right now isn’t the time to ask for a puppy but I have good grades but I have been very disrespectful and mean and Just not a good child and you guys probably feel like you shouldn’t do anything for me right now which is exactly how you should feel but think of the good things I have AR points good grades am doing good in soccer and have been VERY responsible. I will do anything for this puppy I really will and it would mean everything to me it would show how much you love me and care and have confidence in me. I have showed that I am responsible with dogs when I fostered Rocco and Rudy and I tried very hard to do everything I could for them. Thank you very much for reading this I really hope you know how much this means to me truly and I love you. 🙂 How to cite Puppu, Papers

Whats Cause of Poverty in Africa free essay sample

Poverty doesn’t result from just one or two causes. The problem entrenched poverty is extremely difficult to solve because of different factors and all interacting with one another. Three main sections cause poverty in Africa are economic, political and external. Body: Economic: Employment is the main route out of poverty for poor people in an undeveloped country. The government does very little to create more jobs for African nations even with students that graduates from college can’t find work. With the unemployment rate increase, a lot of Africans have turned into armed robbers, blood money rituals, and secret cults organization, migrating outside Africa and turning into prostitution in order to survive. Therefore, the economic productivity is low but poverty rate is high. When leaders are not accountable to those they serve then there is a sign of corruption. Corruption both in government and business place heavy cost on society because it plays a major cause and a result of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Whats Cause of Poverty in Africa? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s because poverty can be fought in the presence of strong institution, and equitable distribution of resources (Collier). However, programs that designed to fight poverty in Africa are not fully implemented because the funds end up in the hands of corrupt individuals, who pocket the majority (Bartle). This emphasizes poor governance because those in authority have failed to apprehend the corrupt. Therefore, it requires a non-corrupt government to turn public income into human development outcomes and strengthening of business confidence, economic and social. Political: Social inequality starts from cultural ideas about the relative worth of different genders, races, ethnic groups and social classes (Bartle). According to Jeff Stats, in African history, apartheid laws defined a binary caste system that assigned different rights and social spaces to different races, using skin color to determine the opportunities available to individuals in each group. Base on this law it’s very inequality for people in Africa because people who are in low class will never able to change their level since they don’t have the opportunity and options to change it. External: With constant war and conflict in Africa makes it very difficult to farm, to work for living or earn money. It’s hard to start ordinary life because many men are forces to flee from their homes to fight for the war. This will make the continent’s productivity goes down and poverty rates go up. Another factor that cause poverty in Africa is diseases such as malaria, HIV, and TB. When a member in a household is affected by any of those diseases there is very little resources are spent on treating the sick. This lead to people who are left behind with no resources to support themselves and the situation is worsened by poor health facilities.

Brand Management Dockers free essay sample

Describe the broader product-market and competitive offerings for pants at the time of the Dockers launch (What choices did men have regarding pants? ). Utilize the CBBE Pyramid to describe the association for the â€Å"Levi’s† brand. How did men perceive dress pants (the category) in general? At the time in which Dockers launched, men had two choices regarding pants, one of which was jeans, another one was dress slacks. However, at that time the â€Å"baby boomer† that grew up (25-49 years old) was moving out of the jeans market (means freedom, adventure and independence) and they are seeking for natural fibers. Meanwhile, the dress code at the workplace agrees leisure dressing on Fridays. To meet the needs of its customers, the company decided to create a new product category- â€Å"new casuals. † It would still keep the core values of Levi’s – quality, conform and uniqueness and emotional impact, but is good for both workplace and leisure time. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Management Dockers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dockers brand was born to satisfy these buyers with its new product, which utilized the comfort and casual feel of cotton, but at the same time is still stylish and unique. After combining with the CBBE Pyramids scheme, the category identification of Dockers transformed strictly into casual pants; its image is comfortable and relaxing pants, an alternative to traditional dressing for almost every occasion. The association for the â€Å"Levi’s brand† is as an extension of the brand, which have same core values-comfort, quality, uniqueness and emotional impact. Meanwhile, it reminds people the connection between Dockers and Levi’s brands, and how the Dockers line was produced by Levi’s with the same strong features as well as quality. The ultimate response by consumers was good, and the end result has led to consumers continually buying these pants due to their brand loyalty. Men perceive the dress pants as dress slacks for very formal occasions, which also have high quality but won’t satisfy the baby boomer’s fashion needs: casual and comfortable yet stylish as Dockers. 2. Levi’s chose the sub brand â€Å"Dockers† (Levi’s Dockers). Refer to the pyramid and explain the â€Å"performance and â€Å"imagery† associations managers sought to create for Dockers. Explain why  they might have chosen this name, the hangtag (women lead off ship by formally dressed man but looking at relaxed, casually dressed man), and the logo (interlocking wings and anchors). â€Å"Dockers† is a Levi’s sub-brand, and was swiftly introduced into market in 1986. â€Å"Dockers† is now an easy name to remember as it pertains to brand recall/recognition, and it’s by defini tion is a â€Å"dockworker or longshoreman† giving the brand a nautical connotation. The name the company went with at the forefront was Levi‘s Dockers Pants, and many customers thought that was too long to remember. In an effort to shorten the name, the company it became â€Å"Dockers†. Levi’s makes this brand successful because of paying attention for strengthening brand equity and other different marketing strategies. Based on the performance from CBBE Pyramid, Dockers’s core values are very straightforward: Comfort, Uniqueness, Quality and Emotional Impact. These core values are simple, as well as extremely diversified. â€Å"Dockers† offers many different product lines for every life style to customers. Moreover, â€Å"Dockers† has fantastic alternative for an optimum fit midway between formals and casuals. The company introduced â€Å"new casuals† into the market with a vision to change the markets structure. That is â€Å"the new pants to men as more formal than jeans and less causal than dress†. The specific kind of design that Dockers implemented is suitable for both the working class, and leisure based conditions; therefore the â€Å"Dockers† hangtag reflects this feature fully. What’s more important, is that Dockers used imagery to suggest to consumers that this brand is fun, and interesting. The managers of â€Å"Dockers† changed their logo from the Japanese and Argentina‘s wings and anchors, and also they put its moniker into the image. These changes can not only increase the link with the Levi‘s brand, but also show customers the transformation from old values to a new image. In addition, â€Å"Dockers† created an image to capture the segment of the market, which they wanted to conquer at the beginning: from 25 to 49 years old. The meaning of its logo had a close connection with the meaning of its hangtag. Those actions all strengthen the Docker’s brand image. 3. Describe the marketing program. What were the success factors in creating Dockers brand? Include: product line decisions (include the new product features/benefits, sub-branding strategy), pricing, promotion (adv.  , sales promotion, PR, events, direct marketing), and channel strategies (how did they â€Å"push† the brand into the retail outlets). A quick, simple, and savvy approach; those words echo exactly what Dockers did as part of their marketing approach. Their marketing program did what a lot of companies are not willing to do, and that was driving in a whole new pants category. The new casual brand that Dockers presented was sleek, comfortable, and very cost efficient. This particular marketing program used both integration, and brand recognition. Dockers had become a key subsidiary to the Levi’s brand, which was well known with the middle-aged male demographic. The goal was to use the Levis name to push the Dockers line, and ultimately create a new style that was never used before. In hindsight, Dockers made sure they leveraged their product in areas in which they knew they would get a big return on investment. Thorough research was done which led to the distribution of their product in stores that most males in the age range 25-49 years old shopped. Toe streamline the product they struck deals with others brand names such as JCPenney and Bloomingdales. This move was brilliant on the behalf of Dockers, because they aligned themselves with already established brands that people had trust in. Dockers did a full marketing plan that covered all bases. They covered all areas from pricing all the way to promotions, and even new product features. Dockers were priced in the moderate to upper moderate price range, at $32. 00. This pricing scale allowed for consumers to get the â€Å"new casual† at a reasonable price. Not only was Dockers doing this change at a reasonable price in a new category, but they were doing it in a way in which they were the influence for other brands. Eventually, Dockers came up with new product features to enhance innovation, and those features included wrinkle free features, and stain resistant pants. There is one word for this: branding. They distinguished themselves has a key brand that’s consumers would recognize, and that companies would use at points of sale. Their main focuses with these lines were that they could be used in four major segments of everyday life: Work, Weekends, Dress, and Golf. This clearly made their marketing more appealing than what most bland brands had to offer. The limit of markets that Dockers tapped into was pretty muchunlimited. They focused on major promotion and events in cities such as New York, Columbus, Cincinnati, Minneapolis, Houston, Washington, L. A. , Miami, Dallas, Charlotte, and Denver. This trend continued across other major markets, as they used what is called spot television in each market. These spot advertisements gave Dockers a quick and efficient approach to their strateg y. It also kept people thinking as to what the buzz was all about. It must have worked, because in 2005 revenues rose to $4. 1 billion dollars, and net income rose from $126 million to $155. 9 million. A lot went into Dockers and their marketing program, but ultimately it was a great success for the long haul. It developed a new line of cost efficient pants in which consumers can wear on all occasions, and it drove in revenue because it was the â€Å"new casual†. 4. Dockers missed out on the â€Å"wrinkle-free† trend when the need first emerged. Not incorporating this technology into the pants hurt the company. Years later, Dockers embraced technology in its products, creating Thermal Adapt Khaki, Perspiration Guard shirt, Stain Resistant cloths, etc. Were these good decisions or did they go too far? Explain why it was important to manage this category and market. Ultimately, it was a good decision for Dockers to enhance their line, and dip into the â€Å"wrinkle-free† aide of the business. It is a very important task for a firm to manage its products through the successive stages of their life cycles. Although Dockers missed out the â€Å"wrinkle-free† trend when the need first emerged, they realized their faults quickly, and remained relevant to the existing customer base. In addition, they keeping going and used advanced technology to creative new clothe such Thermal Adapt Khaki, perspiration Guard shift in front to the cloth market. First of all, the spirit of creative is worthy to learn. If a company is not ambitious enough to create something new and just follows the trend, it will not last long. Secondly, as it relates to the category and market management, it is very important. With using different categories and markets, the company can find new customers. Different categories and markets have different target markets, and Dockers was able to use wrinkle-free pants, resistant cloths, and casual pants to appeal different customers and gain more revenue. Increasing the product’s use was a main attribute that Dockers had to relay to their customers. That being said, they transformed their lines into different categories that can promote more frequent usage for the customer. For example, business Casual is suitable for the people who wearing in the Friday and weekend. Dockers’ khakis can now be utilized by a much broader market, for any type of situation, and consumers like the lesser is more approach. Dockers to this day are very good at creating new uses for their product line, and building that into situational circumstances. Finding new uses for an existing product has been the strategy behind Dockers, the U. S. market leader in casual pants. Originally intended as a single pant for every situation, Dockers now promotes different looks for different usage situations: Work, Weekend, Dress, and Golf. Their approach to hit upon different categories can altered the product’s characteristics, such as its quality, performance, appearance, which in turn increased the product’s value to customers as well as sales. Dockers’ wrinkle-free and stain-resistant clothing which was made possible by nanotechnology revolutionized the men’s and women’s apparel business, and stimulated industry sales of casual pants, shirts, and blouses.

The Whitetail Deer essays

The Whitetail Deer essays The Whitetail deer is a very well known animal in America. They are found almost everywhere in the United States as well as Canada. They are exceedingly graceful and well natured creatures. Their natural aptitude and agility help them to survive and Depending on their sex, the whitetail deer usually grow up to three and a half feet tall, and weigh fifty to two hundred pounds. In the north, the deer reaches its greatest size at four feet tall and nearly two hundred pounds. On the other hand, in the south, they barely weigh one hundred pounds. During the summer and fall, their fur is reddish brown, and in the winter and spring, it is blue-gray. The most recognized feature of the male, is its antlers. The two main beams in which the horns originate from, grow from the head backwards and later go forward. During the growth of the antlers, a living tissue, called velvet forms, which is very sensitive to the touch. Amazingly, the antler tissue can grow as much as one half an inch daily. Since the deer is not a predator, it relies on instinct and agility to survive. The whitetail deer is able to jump up to eight feet, and can run up to thirty-five miles per hour. The Whitetail's territory is mainly farmlands, brushy areas, and forests, in which they do not stray far from in order for quick escape, other than breeding season. Whitetail deer eat a variety of things including; green plants, acorns, nuts, corn, and buds of birch. During the month of November, the males fight fierce battles for possession of the does. This time is known as mating season. Around May, the young fawns are born. Their weight ranges from three to eight pounds at birth, but will double in size during the following two weeks. They have white spots on their backs. ...

Photography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Photography - Coursework Example According to Alain Briot (2005), Photography is "both an art and a science". He explains that "Photography allows us to express our feeling and emotions, but to do so we need to master the scientific part of the medium. Unlike a painter, who is in direct contact with his subject and his canvas, a photographer is separated from his subject by the camera and from his "canvas" by computers and printers today and by darkroom equipment previously." (Briot, 2005). But not all of Photography can be considered to be art as Briot (2005) states that "an artistic photograph is created when technique is used to express a vision and an emotion, not when technique is used for its own sake." As we will see there has been a long and heated debate over the issue whether Photography can be considered to be an art form or not. Even in the present many people don't think that Photography can be an expression of art. But the influence of Photography has been exerted in the art world since its invention by a French lithographer called Joseph Nicephore Niepce in 1827 when he captured the view outside the window of his house on a metal plate coated with bitumen (Weiss, 2001). Its invention didn't stopped there and it was improved by Daguerre later on after Niepce's death. The French government gave away this invention as a gift to the world as Sanford L. Weiss clearly explained it in his article "A History of Photography": "In 1839 the French government purchased both the patent it had granted to Niepce and the one they had granted to Louis Jacque Mande Daguerre for a process by which he was able to capture images on silver coated copper plates. The French presented both inventions to the world as a gift and news of the discoveries spread rapidly." (Weiss, 2001). There was an evolutionary process in which Photography was highly improved, and many different inventions helped Photography be available to the masses. It was easy to capture any moment just by clicking a button, and the exposure time was greatly reduced. The popularization of Photography has enriched our lives in many ways, but the controversy around its artistic status has been very prolonged along the way. Richard Pitnick gives a detailed account of how Photography has earned a prestigious status as an art form in a long article entitled "The Emergence of Photography as Collectible Art. As we can see from this account, it has not been easy for photographers along the years to establish themselves as artists and to make their works known. It has been a long process that began in the second half of the 19th century when one photographer sued another in 1862 in France according to New York Times Photography critic Vicki Golberg, who was interviewed by Linda Grace-Kobas for a Cornel l Chronicle article. Grace-Kobas found out the following facts from this interview: "In its first decision, the French court ruled that only art could be copyrighted, and since Photography was not art, it was not subject to copyright

What is Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Macroeconomics - Essay Example What is Macroeconomics? Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate indicators like prices, unemployment rates and GDP in order to know how the entire economy works. Macroeconomists build models that clarify the connection between factors like international finance, national income, consumption, output, savings, inflation, unemployment, international trade and investment. In contrary, micro economics is basically fixated on individual agents’ action like consumers and firms and in what way do their behavior affect quantity and prices in particular markets. As macroeconomics is a wide study field, two fields of researches which are symbolic of the subject. The move to understand the consequences and causes of short run variations in a business cycle and the move to know the determinants of economic growth are some of its main objectives. Macroeconomics model and its forecast are used by large corporations and government to assist in evaluation and development of business strategy and economic policy (Dwiv edi, pp.7) Macroeconomics concepts Macroeconomics comprises of variables and concepts though there are 3 core issues for macroeconomic research. Macroeconomic theory always relates inflation, unemployment and output. External to macroeconomics, the topics are extensively vital to economic agents inclusive of producers, consumers and workers. Output and income The general economic activity for the economy is briefed by an output aggregate measure. As the manufacture or services and goods output generates income. Each entire output measure relates to the measure of aggregate income. The states of America today employ the concept of aggregate output known as GDP (gross domestic product). The gross domestic product is the measure of services and goods currently produced at market prices value. An individual should note that there are many GDP measure features. To start with, only presently produced goods are encompassed. This means that when one purchases an old Tudor house aged 150 yea rs, it does not add up to the GDP. What adds to the GDP is the service that the estate agent renders in the house purchasing process. Secondly, end products are counted. For avoidance of count, intermediate goods do not add to the GDP. For instance, steel that is used in automobile manufacture is valued as a whole. Lastly, all services and goods encompassed in GDP are assessed at market prices. Hence the prices show the prices paid by consumers at retail level inclusive of indirect taxes like sales taxes. GNP (gross national product) is a similar measure to GDP. Up to late, the government has employed GNP as the core measure of economic activity of the nation. Changes in trends always places more effect on income or output instead of prices (Blaug, pp. 108) There is a slight difference between GDP and GNP. The GDP is exclusive of income that the U.S resident and companies earn abroad. Many other income and output measures are consequent from GNP. They are inclusive of NNP (net natio nal product), which extracts an allowance for tear and wear on equipment and plant from GNP called depreciation. Though these measures change down and up in a general same fashion, it is disposable income which is closely tied to customers demand for services and goods. It is the most outstanding aggregate demand component and entire demand for services and goods in the economy from sources. It should be noticed that the entire output or income measures deliberated above are always mentioned in real terms and nominal terms. The real terms are attuned for inflation and hence widely used as they are not distortion subject introduced by price changes. Unemployment The unemployment number in a state is measure using the rate of unemployment, workers percentage with no jobs in the labor

Leadership Effects Development On Employee Performances In Pakistan Management Essay

Leadership Effects Development On Employee Performances In Pakistan Management Essay Qaiser Abbas, et al. (2009), in this study, explains that Leadership development has a great impact on employee performance. Factors that influence employee performance are coaching, training and development, empowerment, participation and delegation. These leadership factors influence 50% employee performance, other factors like commitment, motivation, trust in organization, compensation and rewards also influences employee performance. Employee performance is an important building block of an organization. Every employee contributes towards the success of the organization. Organization cannot progress by one or two individuals effort. Success depends on teamwork. Managers give input to use their abilities and innovative ideas. There are many expectations from managers; they have to work really hard to satisfy their boss. Managers are experienced enough to deal with various issues, sometimes they run to their boss for guidance. They can work effectively and efficiently when there is an effective leadership program for their assistance and to build leadership qualities in them. Leadership development is becoming an increasingly critical and strategic imperative for organizations in the current business environment (Sheri-Lynne, Parbudyal 2007) Leadership development program is aimed to assist employees in improving their skills and in doing their work effectively and efficiently. Organizations have to compete across the globe so this program is of great importance to them as they have to face business challenges. Tirmizi identified importance of leadership. The 6-L framework dimensions developed by Tirmizi are: 1. Leads and encourage change 2. Lives by example 3. Lauds achievement 4. Lends a vision 5. Leverages learning and development 6. Looks out for others The variables discussed in this paper are already mentioned in the introductory paragraph whose general relationship is shown in the diagram below: This diagram shows that coaching, training and development, empowerment, participation, delegation effects employee performance, which as a result bring about organizational change. Talking about each variable relationship briefly, the writer considers coaching as an important technique to increase performance. Training and development is to make employees more skillful and it fills the gap between actual performance and desired performance. This concept has been explained by the Bramleys Individual Model of Training as depicted in the diagram below: Bramleys Individual Model of Training Coming towards empowerment, Duvall (1999), defines success as achievement, accomplishment and attainment which is a consequence of empowerment. Participation means involving employees in problem solving. When employees come across organizational problems, they experience how to handle such situations. This creates a sense of contribution towards organizations success. They have opportunity to give ideas. Delegation means giving responsibility and authority which means that Employee exercise his authority for making decisions that are beneficial for the organization. On the basis of all these assumptions the writer considered a positive relationship between leadership development and employee performance. Talking about implications of this article in my research paper, I get to know that Training and Coaching are the learning processes in which employees learn skills whereas Participation, Delegation and Empowerment are implementation tools. Employee performance depends on leadership development factors but it also depends on other factors i.e. attitudes, commitment, motivational factors and trust in organization. A blend of all these factors influences employee performance completely which as a result bring about organizational change. Coupled effects of knowledge and leadership Shazia Akhtar (2010), in this study, draws attention towards the need to change for organizations in this highly competitive environment for long term survival. The changes help the organizations to sustain in market, achieve competitive edge and to generate profits. Organizations performance is influenced by employee productivity and job satisfaction, which are influenced by working conditions of the organization. Organizations significant aim is to find innovative employees who have that magic company is looking for. Leaders play a vital role in inspiring and influencing employees and also cultivating innovative behavior among them. The Leadership traits that shape employees innovative behavior, extracted from the study of De Yong and Den Hartog are: In innovative role model trait leaders with creativity encourage their employees to be like them and to be innovative. Leaders who acted as model of creativity promoted employees to be more creative for example in De Yong and Den Hartog study, one of front runner employee said I am always looking for ways to do things better and improve results. It stimulates some of the employees to do the same. On intellectual stimulation leaders wanted their employees to solve problems by giving possible solutions. Leaders wanted them express their opinion on different proposals. Stimulating knowledge diffusion means to diffuse ideas at all levels of organization. To share ideas with subordinates actually creates a communication network among all. Issues are resolved when problems are shared. Lack of communication and sharing declines employees motivation and eliminates ideas. Providing vision to employees i.e. showing them a straight path to move on to achieve companys goal and targets. Delegating them sufficient autonomy so that they might not face any difficulty in handling any issue. This creates a sense of contribution and motivation among employees. Sharing leadership with employees makes them work more diligently and efficiently. Leaders should support for innovation. Give sufficient autonomy to subordinates to implement ideas. Employees should not be penalized for doing mistakes as it is a part of learning process, Supportive attitude accelerates the innovation process. Previous research by Hellstrom on association between Organizing feedback and innovative behavior illustrated that employees are ready to show their innovative behavior when leaders give feedback on their proposal. Recognition is an important attribute i.e. recognize employees work through appreciation and awards i.e. certificates of achievement. Rewards; monetary compensation of employees is also very important trait that shapes an employees innovative behavior and loyalty towards organization. Providing resources to generate more productive outcomes. Availability of resources is directly related to innovative outcomes. Leaders with insufficient resources are not able to achieve their target and so is competitive advantage. Keep a check on employees time after time to check their efficiency of doing work. Monitoring and employee efficiency are correlated. Monitoring should be done to ensure p rogress. Task assignment attribute is important to check employee efficiency from time to time. Give challenging tasks to employees and then evaluate their work. Task assignment influences idea generation, the more they take interest in job the more innovative ideas are likely to flourish. Now coming towards the implication of this study to my research paper, by studying this paper I get to know that the traits in managers are not sufficient but the Knowledge level of leadership traits in middle managers is constantly changing. Knowledge and leadership have a huge impact on organizational success and a blend of both helps in achieving competitive advantage. If managers are well educated on leadership traits, it is helpful to their understandings and Leaders may exhibit these leadership traits in different ways based on situation such as leader might consult employees more than once to ensure that innovative ideas are implemented successfully. HR Practices and Leadership Styles as Predictors of Employee Attitude and Behavior: Evidence from Pakistan Khurram Shahzad, et al. (2010), in this study, talks about Human Resource Management practices and leadership styles conducted in private and public sector universities. Such practices are valuable in creating human capital. The writers have emphasized the effect of leadership styles on organizational commitment and citizen behaviors (critical determinants of organizational effectiveness by Katz, 1964) among university teachers. The results of this study were very interesting and revealed that both human resource practices and leadership styles positively predicted organizational commitment of faculty members however they were unable to predict citizenship behaviors. The writers used the Katz Framework (1964), and applied it on the situation currently prevailing in Pakistan. The findings of the interviews are summed up in table 1.1 given below: Table 1.1: Responses of the university employees as per Katz Framework Katz (1964) Frame Work for Effective Organizations Situation of Public Sector Situation of Private Sector Universities Universities Emphasis on employees on carry out their assigned roles Emphasized Emphasized Emphasis on retaining employees Not emphasized Emphasized to some extent Emphasis on employees to exhibit extra-role behavior Not emphasized Not emphasized The above results clearly revealed that the important aspect of organizational effectiveness that is extra-role behavior (organizational citizenship behavior) is clearly not emphasized in both public and private sector universities. It is also found that employee retention (through organizational commitment) is not at all emphasized in public sector universities and partially emphasized in private sector universities. Most managers of the universities were found totally unaware of the fact that organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment is related to organizational outcomes can be consciously managed through organizational factors like human resource management practices and leadership style. Although the mangers have some idea these concepts but application of these concepts in the area of their responsibility is not taken care of. Leadership Styles for the Five Stages of Radical Change Dr. Kathleen K. Reardon, et al. (1998), in this study, continues prior work on radical change with theory and research on leadership style. Leadership experts agree that a key challenge facing leaders now and in the future is responsiveness to radical change. Using the Leadership Style Inventory, leaders can determine which stages of radical change they are equipped to handle. Further the article explores how individual and group leadership style limitations can be dealt with to ensure radical change success. The key component of successful leadership now and in the next century is proactive and effective responsiveness to change. Experts agree that successful leaders must be flexible and capable of adapting to new conditions, open to novel alternatives, and willing to take greater risks (Kotter, 1990; OToole, 1996). The leadership styles shown in Figure below were derived from work on the Leader-ship Style Inventory (LSI) developed by Rowe, Reardon, and Bennis (1995). The inventory identifies differences in style used by leaders that are based on the following two questions: How adaptive are leaders when dealing with the issues they face? How do leaders communicate with, persuade, and energize employees in the process of change? The LSI identifies four basic styles: commanding, logical, inspirational, and supportive. One of its major strengths is that it also describes combinations of the basic styles called patterns. These patterns help to describe the complexity be-hind leader behavior and competence for radical change. Details are provided in the table below: Leader Focuses Persuades Makes Learns Style On by changes by Commanding Results Directing Rapidly Doing Logical Innovation Explaining Carefully Studying Inspirational Opportunities Creating trust Radically Questioning Supportive Facilitating work Involvement Slowly Listening Most leaders do not possess a single style, but a combination. These combinations indicate which styles leaders are pre-disposed to use. From the article we get to know that change is not an event but an extended process. Each stage of that process benefits from different leadership orientations. Strategy researchers have proposed that change involves at least three stages: initiation, formulation, and implementation (Webb and Dawson, 1991; Pettigrew, 1987; Child and Smith, 1987, Rajagopalan and Spreitzer, 1994. Another model (Rowe and Mann, 1988) proposed four factors in the change process: Decision makers style, organizational culture, employees willingness to change, and acceptance of change based on a match among values, culture, and decision style. John Kotter (1990), proposed that leading change requires: establishing direction, aligning people, and motivating and inspiring. The model shown in this article in the figure below draws upon Kotters model but adds two stages described by Kotter but not specifically stated in his model: launching and maintaining. Phase Focuses Style Planning Acquire information Logical/inspirational Creative ideas Inspirational Strategy formulation Logical Enabling Explaining plan Logical Convincing employees Logical Empowering/involving Inspirational/supportive Assisting Supportive Launching Implementing steps Logical Meeting goals Commanding Getting results Commanding Assessing progress Logical Catalyzing Inspiring Inspirational Energizing Inspirational Assisting Supportive Maintaining Overseeing progress Logical Guiding Inspirational Energizing Inspirational Assisting Supportive After talking about the variables discussed in this study I move forward towards the implication of this study to my research paper. After studying it I get to know that, leaders need to be aware of their predispositions. The LSI provides that information. By linking the LSI with the Five-stage Radical Change Model, leaders can see where their own and their peoples strengths and challenges lie. Knowing what youre best suited for and what might be more effectively led by others is critical to achieving success in todays environment of radical change. Need for Leadership: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Mohmood A. Bodla, et al. (2010), in this study, explores the moderator effect of situational variables in leadership literature around the globe. However, this area is the most neglected area among the behavioral scientists of Pakistan. Therefore, their study seeks to find out the moderator effect of need for leadership in relation with leadership characteristics on subordinates behavioral outcomes using the need for leadership framework of de Vries (1997), in Pakistani work settings. A decade ago, de Vries (1997) suggested that need for leadership prevails in each follower and this need influences leadership efforts in predicting the subordinates work outcomes. According to author, need for leadership is a social, contextual, and quasi need (p. 92) which is linked with variety of individuals, task and organizational characteristics simultaneously that affect leadership efforts on subordinates behaviors. First, need for leadership is ascribed as a social need. The term social refers; this need is stimulated among individuals while working in a group. According to McClelland (1953), people acquire different needs as result of social interactions with others. It is clear that most of the employees work related activities are performed in a group. While working in groups, people develop strong sense of belongingness with each other and try to perform certain activities which are in interest of common goal. In these groups, some people play the role of leaders, while others act as subordinates. According to de Vries (1997), the need which is provoked by the leader among subordinates due to his position power or the need activated among individuals adhering groups goal is need for leadership. Second, need for leadership is a contextual need. Contextual refers to work environment and type of work individuals have to perform. According to House (1971), in case of highly professional jobs, where tasks are ambiguous and methodological variant and work activities are non routine, subordinates may feel insecure due to role ambiguity and have strong desire for leaders interventions which serve to reduce the role ambiguity whereas, in case of routine and dull tasks, followers may desire strong social support from their leaders. In both situations, desiring different leadership (e.g. instrumental leadership or supportive leadership) by followers reflect the situational aspects of need for leadership. Besides the work settings, followers characteristics are also important for determining the need for leadership. For example, trained, experienced, and qualified employees require less hierarchical guidance (i.e. need for leadership) than their less able and less trained colleagues (K err and Jermier, 1978). Third, need for leadership is a quasi need. Quasi refers to the position of need for leadership that it takes place. Unlike the primary needs e.g. hunger, thirst or shelter needs postulated by Maslow (1943), this need is a secondary need and mainly related to mental activities (De Vries, 1997). Coming towards the implications of this paper to my research, through it I get to know that, to what extent, the results of moderator effect in leadership research are improved using the single moderator variable and how much these results are beneficial for practicing managers. For the practitioners, the results of the study are strongly convincing them that they must understand the need for leadership of their followers before exercising their leadership practices. Moreover, for future researchers, this theory seems promising and demanding more research in the future. Leadership and Change Management June Kaminski (2000), in this study, draws attention towards adaptation to change which has become a common agenda for organizations of all types health care, business, social, governmental, educational, and cultural. Change is no longer an irregular outing, an inconvenient upheaval to be undertaken once every ten years. Change is something we have to learn to live with, to structure and to manage. Change is here to stay, and the winners will be the ones who cope with it.- (Bainbridge, 1996, p. 4) But according to the writer, the change process is not so easy and a lot of obstacles hinder your progress. Some factors that contribute towards resistance to change are: Bureaucracy Control Rigidity Functionalism and most importantly Peoples attitude towards change Change within organizations occurs on countless levels. Lewin (1951), gave his model of change in his force field model. He characterized change as a state of imbalance between driving forces and restraining forces. If these forces were balanced no change could take place. Change is inherent in every context. Change is disruptive, messy, complicated, and unpredictable but is still manageable (Bainbridge, 1996). Change is risky especially when it encompasses different sectors within an organization. Wilson pointed out that a shift from emergent models of change to planned ones has steadily occurred over the past two decades. A total shift is not advised though, since the political and economic context of the surrounding environment cannot be ignored, and must also be adapted to. Coming towards the variables discussed, the very culture of an organization needs to be reshaped to properly support the new processes introduced. Structures, reward systems, appraisal measurements and roles need redefinition (Bainbridge, 1996). Leadership styles and management procedures must shift and adapt, and ways of relating with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders need refining. Technological advances and capabilities must be introduced, and preparation of the workforce to work with the new IT structures is needed. Change has become perpetual. In order to cope, organizations need a design process with strategies and guidelines for thriving amongst a multitude of changes. The creation and design process within an organization is role of leaders. Change process which encompasses human resources, IT adoption, and upgrades, tools and techniques as well as basic rules and controls within the organization and are mandate of leaders engaged in the management of change (Bainbridge, 1996). Leaders are responsible for bridging the gap between strategy decisions and the reality of implementing the changes within the structure and workforce of the organization. Underlying this principle is the fact that almost everything in an organizations infrastructure has an influence on some other part of it. Management style affects culture, technology affects the way staff interact with customers, internal communication methods affect how people work together, (Bainbridge, 1996, p. 37). A holistic approach to change management encourages the redesign and adaptation to change at all organizational levels. In essence, process itself can become the platform for change to occ ur, as well as the protector of the existent daily operations. Leaders are the champions of change within an organization. Adaptive leaders provide direction, protection, orientation, conflict control, and the shaping of norms while overseeing the change process within the corporate structure (Conger, Spreitzer Lawler, 1999). Transformative leaders share fundamental characteristics that allow them to enable organizational members in the change process (Conger, Spreitzer Lawler, 1999). The steps to transform an organization are: Establishing a sense of urgency Forming a powerful guiding coalition Creating a vision Communicating the vision Empowering others to act on the vision Planning for and creating short term wins Consolidating improvements and producing still more change Institutionalizing new approaches Further Bainbridge (1996), outlined a five step process of redesign for organizations undergoing planned change. The five steps included: The design stage to determine overall requirements The definition stage where the design is specified and documentation of the design stage requirements occurs The development stage, where new capabilities are cultivated through training, education and restructuring The dismantling stage, where redundant parts of the organization are removed or converted into new capabilities The deployment stage, where new capabilities are introduced into the new organizational environment, both internally and externally By reading this paper I get to know that, the leader, as a person, is the most important tool for change. The leaders spirit, insight, wisdom, compassion, values, and learning skills are all important facets in the capabilities to lead others to embrace change and redesign strategies. So, the key to successful organizational change is heroic and learned change management by competent and visionary leaders. Change can be managed in a top-down style or as a highly participative exercise from all levels of personnel. Change is context specific, meaning that no single change process is appropriate for every situation or corporate entity. Leaders are responsible for setting the context for change within an organization. A culture and vision must be cultivated that can support the planned changes, and deal with unplanned change. Leaders must be able to counsel, teach, coach, and reward employees as they adopt and move through the change process. For lasting change to occur, habits, attitudes, and values at all levels of an organization must be congruent with the vision and goals inherent in the process. Leadership and the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Leadership Style on the Motivation of Older Employees Heike Bruch, et al. (2006), in this study, examines the effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the goal commitment of younger and older employees. The transactional and transformational theories of leadership were developed by Burns (1978) in politics and they were applied to organizational management by Bass (1985). Transactional leadership is based on the exchange of resources to fulfill contractual obligations and is typically represented as setting objectives and monitoring and controlling outcomes. Transformational leadership goes beyond transactions and involves influences on the beliefs, needs and values of followers, eventually helping followers achieve extraordinary goals The term goal has been defined as the object or aim of an action to attain a specific standard of proficiency on a given task within a specific time frame (Latham, 2000; Locke Latham, 1990, 2002), with effective goal setting representing one of the key levers for enhancing employee motivation. After creating a proper frame work on the above mentioned variables the results of this research showed that transactional leadership is positively related to employees goal commitment, with transformational leadership augmenting this effect. Moderator hypotheses were partially confirmed, such that the relationship between transformational leadership style and goal commitment was strongly positive for younger employees, while this relationship was slightly negative for older employees. In contrast, age was not found to moderate the relationship between transactional leadership and goal commitment. Leadership Style, Organizational Politics, and Employees Performance Eran Vigoda-Gadot (2006), in this study, aims to examine perceptions of politics among public sector employees as a possible mediator between the supervisors leadership style and formal and informal aspects of employees performance (Organizational Citizenship Behavior OCB). Burns (1978) identified two basic factors in the interaction between leadership and employees. One factor stems from the leaders ability to deliver rewards and punishments (transactional leadership). The second factor is the leaders ability to rally his staff and urge them to cooperate in achieving the organizations goals (transformational leadership). The expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), the social exchange theory (Blau, 1964), and the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory (Graen, 1976; Wang et al., 2005) supported the need for a more balanced relationship between leaders and members and the idea of fair treatment of the individual. Reciprocity, fair exchange, and a low level of organization politics appear to be influential in the context of leadership style and performance. The current study examined the relationship between two types of leadership and formal and informal performance in the light of the knowledge accumulated in recent years regarding organizational politics. The findings demonstrate that organizational politics can be considered an influential mediator between leadership and performance beyond the direct relationship already established in the literature. As previously suggested by Ammeter et al. (2002) and others, a constant tension exists between the individuals involvement in political dynamics, his/her aspiration to develop and promote self-interests, and the goal of improving organizational performance. According to this study, transformational leadership may have a positive direct effect on employees performance by structuring an environment that is perceived as less political in nature and is rooted in notions of fairness and equity. Such an environment should motivate employees to demonstrate excellent performance, both formally and informally, by higher levels of in-role behaviors and enhanced organizational citizenship behavior. A Study of the Relationship between Leadership Styles and Employee Job Satisfaction at Islamic Azad University Branches in Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Hamidifar (2009), in this research, found that the dominant leadership styles were transformational and transactional and employees were moderately satisfied with their job. The results show that different leadership style factors will have different impacts on employee job satisfaction components. Individualized consideration and laissez-faire are strong predictors of all the job satisfaction factors. The major concepts discussed by the researcher are Transformational leaders, Transactional leaders and the concept of laissez-faire. Transformational leaders do more with followers and colleagues than transactional leaders do (Avolio et al. 1991). Instead of a simple exchange and agreement, transformational leaders provide a vision and a sense of mission, inspire pride, and gain respect and trust through charisma (Bass et al. 1990). Transactional leaders communicate with their subordinates to explain how a task must be done and let them know that there will be rewards for a job done well (Avolio et al. 1991). Laissez- faire leadership is a passive kind of leadership style. There is no relationship exchange between the leader and the followers. It represents a non-transactional kind of leadership style in which necessary decisions are not made, actions are delayed, leadership responsibilities ignored, and authority unused. A leader displaying this form of non-leadership is perceived a s not caring at all about others issues. Job satisfaction may be defined as a positive emotional response from the assessment of a job or specific aspects of a job (Locke 1976; Smith et al. 1969). It is influenced by many factors such as: the working conditions, work itself, supervision, policy and administration, advancement, compensation, interpersonal relationships, recognition, and empowerment (Castillo Cano 2004). Now coming towards the relationship between the leadership styles and job satisfaction, Leadership style is an important determinant of employee job satisfaction. The reactions of employees to their leaders will usually depend on the characteristics of the employees as well as on the characteristics of the leaders (Wexley Yukl 1984). Employee job satisfaction is influenced by the internal organization environment, which includes organizational climate, leadership types and personnel relationships (Seashore and Taber 1975). The quality of the leader-employee relationship or the lack thereof has a great influence on the employees self-esteem and job satisfaction (Chen Spector 1991; Brockne

Ielts Handbook Essay

Introduction This Handbook gives an overview of IELTS for teachers, administrators and other users, including staff in receiving organisations such as universities, professional registration boards and employers. It outlines the key features and administrative procedures for IELTS. The Handbook does not include complete samples of the test components; these are given in the Official IELTS Practice Materials pack, which can be bought from IELTS test centres, or from Cambridge ESOL or IDP: IELTS Australia (see page 20). Additional information is given on the IELTS website www.ielts.org Academic and General Training IELTS is available in two formats – Academic and General Training. The Academic Reading and Writing tests assess whether a candidate is ready to study or train in the medium of English at an undergraduate or postgraduate level. Admission to undergraduate and postgraduate courses is based on the results of these tests. The General Training Reading and Writing tests are not designed to test the full range of formal language skills required for academic purposes, but emphasise basic survival skills in a broad social and educational context. General Training is suitable for candidates who are going to English-speaking countries to complete their secondary education, to undertake work experience or training programmes not at degree level, or for immigration purposes to Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It is the responsibility of the candidate to inform the test centre whether they wish to take the Academic or General Training Modules. Centres are not responsible for providing this information. The General Training Module is not offered at all test administrations. What is IELTS? IELTS, the International English Language Testing System, is designed to assess the language ability of candidates who need to study or work where English is the language of communication. IELTS is jointly managed by the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL), British Council and IDP: IELTS Australia. IELTS conforms to the highest international standards of language assessment. It covers the four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking. IELTS is recognised by  universities and employers in many countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA. It is also recognised by professional bodies, immigration authorities and other government agencies. IELTS is not recommended for candidates under the age of 16. Test Administration IELTS tests are administered at centres throughout the world – there are currently over 300 centres operating in more than 100 countries. Centres supervise the local administration of the test and ensure the provision of qualified and trained examiners. A full list of centres is available on the IELTS website. Test centres run regular test administrations, according to local need and results are available within two weeks. Candidates receive only one copy of their results but additional copies may be sent by the test centre directly to receiving organisations at the request of the candidate. There are no restrictions on candidates re-taking the test. Test Format Candidates are tested in listening, reading, writing and speaking. All candidates take the same Listening and Speaking tests. There is a choice between Academic and General Training in the Reading and Writing tests. The tests are designed to cover the full range of ability from non-user to expert user. The first three tests – Listening, Reading and Writing – must be completed in one day. There is no break between the tests. The Speaking test may be taken, at the discretion of the test centre, in the period seven days before or after the other tests. A computerised version of IELTS Listening, Reading and Writing tests (CB IELTS) is available at selected centres, but all centres will continue to offer paper-based IELTS and candidates will be given the choice of the medium in which they wish to take the test. Listening Time: approximately 30 minutes Candidates listen to a number of recorded texts. These include a mixture of monologues and conversations and feature a variety of English accents. The recording is heard only once, and candidates are given time to read the questions and write down their answers. Academic Reading Time: 60 minutes There are three reading passages with tasks. Texts are taken from books, magazines, journals and newspapers, all written for a non-specialist audience. At least one of the texts contains a detailed argument. General Training Reading Time: 60 minutes The texts are based on the type of material candidates would be expected to encounter on a daily basis in an English-speaking country. They are taken from sources such as newspapers, advertisements, instruction manuals and books, and test the candidate’s ability to understand and use information. The test includes one longer text, which is descriptive rather than argumentative. Preparing for the Test It is not necessary to attend an IELTS preparation course though it is, of course, a good idea to prepare thoroughly for the test. An order form is given at the end of this Handbook for an Official IELTS Practice Materials pack. This includes a full practice test with an answer key and a CD of the Listening test and sample Speaking tests, so that candidates can get some idea of their level and familiarise themselves with the format of the test. There is also a wide range of published preparation materials. Academic Writing Time: 60 minutes The first task requires candidates to write a description of at least 150 words. This is based on material found in a chart, table, graph or diagram and demonstrates their ability to present information and to summarise the main features of the input. For the second task, candidates write a short essay of at least 250 words in response to a statement or question. They are expected to demonstrate an ability to present a position,  construct an argument and discuss abstract issues. General Training Writing Time: 60 minutes The first task requires candidates to write a letter of at least 150 words either asking for information, or explaining a situation. For the second task, candidates write a short essay of at least 250 words in response to a statement or question. They are expected to demonstrate an ability to present a position, construct an argument and discuss issues. Speaking Time: 11–14 minutes The test is a face-to-face interview. Candidates are assessed on their use of spoken English to answer short questions, to speak at length on a familiar topic, and also to interact with the examiner. IELTS Test Results Marking is carried out at the test centre by trained examiners whose work is closely monitored. This ensures that test results are available without any administrative delay. Results are standardised and usually available within two weeks of the test, and Test Report Forms are sent to the candidates and to the sponsor(s)/receiving institution(s). Test centres are not permitted to give results over the phone, or by fax or email. The completed Test Report Form bears a centre stamp, a validation stamp, the candidate’s photograph and the authorised centre representative’s signature. The authenticity of any Test Report Form can be verified by means of the Test Report Form Verification Service located at https://ielts.ucles.org.uk British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge ESOL reserve the right to cancel any Test Report Form in the event of any attempt to tamper with or misuse the information contained in it. Test Scores IELTS provides a profile of a candidate’s ability to use English. Candidates  receive scores on a Band Scale from 1 to 9. A score is reported for each test component. The individual test scores are then averaged and rounded to produce an Overall Band Score according to a confidential Band Score conversion table. Overall Band Scores and individual test scores are reported in whole and half bands. Test Report Form An example of the Test Report Form is shown on the right. Each test is reported separately as a Band Score, together with an Overall Band Score. A descriptive statement giving a summary of the English of a candidate classified at each band level is provided below and is included on the reverse of the Test Report Form. Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding. Has fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well. Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning. Has generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly in familiar situations. Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field. Basic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has frequent problems in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language. Conveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication occur. No real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in familiar situations and to meet  immediate needs. Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English. Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words. No assessable information provided.